Nature and sources of thorium
Thorium is a naturally-occurring, slightly radioactive metal discovered in 1828 by the Swedish chemist Jons Jakob Berzelius, who named it after Thor, the Norse god of thunder. It is found in small amounts in most rocks and soils, where it is about three times more abundant than uranium. Soil commonly contains an average of around 6 parts per million (ppm) of thorium.
Thorium exists in nature in a single isotopic form - Th-232 - which decays very slowly (its half-life is about three times the age of the Earth). The decay chains of natural thorium and uranium give rise to minute traces of Th-228, Th-230 and Th-234, but the presence of these in mass terms is negligible.
When pure, thorium is a silvery white metal that retains its lustre for several months. However, when it is contaminated with the oxide, thorium slowly tarnishes in air, becoming grey and eventually black. Thorium oxide (ThO2), also called thoria, has one of the highest melting points of all oxides (3300°C). When heated in air, thorium metal turnings ignite and burn brilliantly with a white light. Because of these properties, thorium has found applications in light bulb elements, lantern mantles, arc-light lamps, welding electrodes and heat-resistant ceramics. Glass containing thorium oxide has a high refractive index and dispersion and is used in high quality lenses for cameras and scientific instruments.
The most common source of thorium is the rare earth phosphate mineral, monazite, which contains up to about 12% thorium phosphate, but 6-7% on average. Monazite is found in igneous and other rocks but the richest concentrations are in placer deposits, concentrated by wave and current action with other heavy minerals. World monazite resources are estimated to be about 12 million tonnes, two-thirds of which are in heavy mineral sands deposits on the south and east coasts of India. There are substantial deposits in several other countries. Thorium recovery from monazite usually involves leaching with sodium hydroxide at 140°C followed by a complex process to precipitate pure ThO2.
Thorite (ThSiO4) is another common mineral. A large vein deposit of thorium and rare earth metals is in Idaho.
The 2007 IAEA-NEA publication Uranium 2007: Resources, Production and Demand (often referred to as the 'Red Book') gives a figure of 4.4 million tonnes of total known and estimated resources, but this excludes data from much of the world. Data for reasonably assured and inferred resources recoverable at a cost of $80/kg Th or less are given in the table below. Some of the figures are based on assumptions and surrogate data for mineral sands, not direct geological data in the same way as most mineral resources.
免責(zé)聲明：上文僅代表作者或發(fā)布者觀點(diǎn)，與本站無關(guān)。本站并無義務(wù)對其原創(chuàng)性及內(nèi)容加以證實(shí)。對本文全部或者部分內(nèi)容(文字或圖片)的真實(shí)性、完整性本站不作任何保證或承諾，請讀者參考時(shí)自行核實(shí)相關(guān)內(nèi)容。本站制作、轉(zhuǎn)載、同意會(huì)員發(fā)布上述內(nèi)容僅出于傳遞更多信息之目的，但不表明本站認(rèn)可、同意或贊同其觀點(diǎn)。上述內(nèi)容僅供參考，不構(gòu)成投資決策之建議；投資者據(jù)此操作，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)自擔(dān)。如對上述內(nèi)容有任何異議，請聯(lián)系相關(guān)作者或與本站站長聯(lián)系，本站將盡可能協(xié)助處理有關(guān)事宜。謝謝訪問與合作！ 中鎢在線采集制作.
|
