12月11日,美國貿(mào)易代表辦公室發(fā)佈聲明稱,經(jīng)過為期四年的審查,美國將根據(jù)“301條款”提高對(duì)自中國進(jìn)口的太陽能晶片、多晶矽和部分鎢產(chǎn)品的進(jìn)口關(guān)稅。晶片和多晶矽的關(guān)稅稅率將從25%提高到50%,而用於製造電子產(chǎn)品和半導(dǎo)體的某些鎢產(chǎn)品的關(guān)稅稅率將提高到25%。關(guān)稅上調(diào)措施將於2025年1月1日生效。這一舉動(dòng)將對(duì)中美兩國的經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)係以及相關(guān)行業(yè)產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)影響。
這些鎢產(chǎn)品包括:
?8101.94.00 Tungsten, unwrought (including bars and rods obtained simply by sintering)
未鍛軋鎢,包括簡單燒結(jié)成的條、桿
?8101.99.10 Tungsten bars and rods (o/than those obtained simply by sintering), profiles, plates, sheets, strip and foil
鎢條、桿、型材及鎢制異型材、板、片、帶、箔
?8101.99.80 Tungsten, articles nesoi其他鎢製品
Section 301 FRN for Modifications for 5 Additional Subheadings-Final Rev
鎢是一種重要的戰(zhàn)略資源,具有高熔點(diǎn)、高密度、高硬度、高強(qiáng)度、良好的導(dǎo)電導(dǎo)熱性等特點(diǎn),因而廣泛應(yīng)用於軍事、航空航太與電子工業(yè)等領(lǐng)域。在軍事裝備領(lǐng)域,鎢合金具有高硬度、高密度和良好的耐磨性,因此常被用作穿甲彈的彈芯,以穿透敵方裝甲和防禦工事。鎢合金是製造槍炮內(nèi)膛及其他關(guān)鍵零部件的優(yōu)選材料,這得益于它卓越的耐磨性和高溫強(qiáng)度,能承受來自高速炮彈的巨大衝擊以及由此產(chǎn)生的高溫高壓環(huán)境。
在航空航太領(lǐng)域,鎢的高熔點(diǎn)和高密度特性使其成為航空航太設(shè)備中高溫部件製造的理想材料,例如火箭發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的噴嘴、熱燃?xì)夥瓷淦骱腿細(xì)舛娴龋@些部件因需承受極高溫度和壓力,常採用鎢合金或硬質(zhì)合金製造。航空航太設(shè)備中的衛(wèi)星、飛行器等的姿態(tài)控制系統(tǒng)常用鎢合金作為配重塊,以確保設(shè)備的穩(wěn)定性和精度。
鎢除了是一種重要的戰(zhàn)略金屬之外,還是一種相對(duì)稀缺的金屬資源。全球鎢礦的分佈相對(duì)集中,主要分佈在中國、俄羅斯、加拿大等少數(shù)國家。美國地質(zhì)調(diào)查局(USGS)資料顯示,2023年全球鎢儲(chǔ)量約440萬噸,其中,中國鎢儲(chǔ)量最高,為230萬噸,占全球總儲(chǔ)量的52.27%。世界鎢供應(yīng)主要來自中國的生產(chǎn)和出口。2023年,全球鎢產(chǎn)量大約78000噸,其中,中國鎢產(chǎn)量最高,為63000噸,占全球總產(chǎn)量的80.77%。
中國也是美國鎢產(chǎn)品進(jìn)口的重要來源國。據(jù)中鎢線上瞭解,2024年1-10月我國鎢製品出口到美國的數(shù)量約為1,688.90噸,同比下降27.00%;出口金額為4.7億元,同比下降25.53%。今年1-10月,我國出口到美國的鎢產(chǎn)品有三氧化鎢,未列名鎢的氧化物及氫氧化物,鎢酸鈉,偏鎢酸銨,碳化鎢,鎢鐵,鎢粉,未鍛軋鎢,包括簡單燒結(jié)成的條/桿,鎢絲,鎢廢料及碎料,鎢條/桿/型材/異型材/板/片/帶/箔,其他鎢製品。其中,鎢酸鈉出口至美國的量為1,150千克,同比增長100%;鎢鐵為13,000千克,同比增長30%;鎢絲為5,633千克,同比增長24.07%。
中鎢線上整理近5年中國對(duì)美出口鎢製品資料(建議橫盤觀看)
鑒於鎢在航空航太和軍事裝備中的廣泛應(yīng)用以及鎢是一種稀缺資源,美國提高對(duì)中國鎢產(chǎn)品的關(guān)稅可能是出於維護(hù)國家安全的考慮。通過減少對(duì)中國鎢產(chǎn)品的依賴,美國可以確保在關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻能夠獲得足夠的鎢資源供應(yīng),以支持其軍事和航空航太產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。通過提高關(guān)稅,美國可以鼓勵(lì)其國內(nèi)企業(yè)尋找多元化的供應(yīng)鏈來源,以降低對(duì)中國等單一市場(chǎng)的依賴。
據(jù)悉,近期澳大利亞企業(yè)EQ Resources與Elmet Technologies簽訂了一份為期五年的鎢精礦供應(yīng)合同,為美國鎢產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)網(wǎng)路注入了新的活力。這些鎢精礦將主要來自EQR位於新南威爾士州的Mt Carbine礦及其在西班牙的Barruecopardo工廠。
原文:
USTR Increases Tariffs Under Section 301 on Tungsten Products, Wafers, and Polysilicon, Concluding the Statutory Four-Year Review
December 11, 2024
WASHINGTON – The Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) today announced tariff increases under Section 301 for imports from the People’s Republic of China of certain tungsten products, wafers, and polysilicon. The rates for solar wafers and polysilicon will increase to 50 percent, and the rates for certain tungsten products will increase to 25 percent. These tariff increases will take effect on January 1, 2025.
“The tariff increases announced today will further blunt the harmful policies and practices by the People’s Republic of China. These actions will complement the domestic investments made under the Biden-Harris Administration to promote a clean energy economy, while increasing the resilience of critical supply chains,” said Ambassador Katherine Tai.
The federal notice for today’s announcement can be found here.
Background
The tariff increases announced today had been proposed as part of the statutory review of the tariff actions in the Section 301 investigation of the People’s Republic of China’s Acts, Policies, and Practices Related to Technology Transfer, Intellectual Property, and Innovation. These modifications conclude the statutory review. In the USTR Report on the statutory review, the U.S. Trade Representative found that, while the PRC had changed some specific unfair measures, the PRC’s harmful forced technology transfer practices – in particular its cyber theft and industrial espionage – have continued, and in some instances, worsened. The findings of the four-year review can be found on USTR’s website.
In light of those findings, Ambassador Tai modified the Section 301 tariff actions by targeting strategic sectors for tariff increases, improving the effectiveness of the tariff actions in achieving the objectives of the investigation, while promoting American jobs and investments. For example, Ambassador Tai increased tariffs (with various effective dates) on electric vehicles, syringes and needles, and medical gloves (100 percent); semiconductors, solar cells, and facemasks (50 percent); and steel and aluminum products, certain critical minerals, and others (25 percent). More details on the specific products, tariff rates, and effective dates can be found on USTR’s website.
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